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1. Creating a Directory

A directory is simply a folder.

• GUI Method:
  • Open File Explorer → Right-click → New → Folder → Type name (e.g., Projects).
• CMD Method: mkdir Projects md Projects ✅ Creates a folder named Projects inside the current directory.

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2. Creating a Sub-Directory

A sub-directory is a folder created inside another folder.

• GUI Method:
  • Open the parent folder (e.g., Projects) → Right-click → New → Folder → Name it (e.g., BBA_Notes).
• CMD Method: mkdir Projects\BBA_Notes ✅ Creates a folder named BBA_Notes inside Projects.

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3. Renaming a Directory

• GUI Method:
  • Right-click on the folder → Rename → Type new name.
• CMD Method: rename Projects Assignments ren Projects Assignments ✅ Renames folder Projects to Assignments.

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4. Copying a Directory

• GUI Method:
  • Right-click on folder → Copy → Paste at new location.
  • Or use Ctrl + C (copy) and Ctrl + V (paste).
• CMD Method: xcopy Projects D:\Backup /s /e ✅ Copies Projects folder and its contents to drive D:\Backup.

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5. Deleting a Directory

• GUI Method:
  • Right-click folder → Delete → Confirm.
  • Or select folder and press Delete key.
• CMD Method: rmdir Projects rmdir /s Projects (deletes folder with all contents) del Projects ✅ Deletes the Projects folder.
  ⚠️ Be careful – once deleted, files may be lost permanently.

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Quick Reference Table (Windows CMD)

Operation	Command Example
Create Directory	mkdir Projects
Create Sub-Directory	mkdir Projects\BBA_Notes
Rename Directory	rename Projects Assignments
Copy Directory	xcopy Projects D:\Backup /s /e
Delete Directory	rmdir Projects / rmdir /s Projects

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✅ Summary (Exam Note)

• Create: mkdir
• Sub-directory: Folder inside another (e.g., Projects\BBA_Notes)
• Rename: rename old new
• Copy: xcopy source destination /s /e
• Delete: rmdir folder