Instruction Formats An instruction format defines the layout of bits in a computer instruction. It specifies how the CPU interprets opcodes, operands, and addresses to perform tasks. Components of an…

Central Processing Unit (CPU) The CPU is the brain of a computer system. It is responsible for fetching, decoding, and executing instructions. All processing activities in a computer are carried…

Basic Organization of Computer Systems Computer systems are organized to efficiently process data and instructions. The basic organization consists of hardware components working together to execute tasks. Key Components: Input…

Time and Space Complexity in Algorithms Time and space complexity are metrics used to analyze the efficiency of an algorithm. They help programmers understand how fast an algorithm runs and…

Introduction to Algorithms An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or a set of rules to solve a specific problem. Algorithms are the backbone of computer science and efficient programming, enabling…

Hashing in Data Structures Hashing is a technique used to map data of arbitrary size to a fixed-size value (hash value or hash code). It enables fast data access and…

Searching and Sorting in Data Structures Searching and sorting are fundamental operations in data structures used to organize and retrieve data efficiently. They are crucial for algorithm design and optimizing…

Graphs in Data Structures A graph is a non-linear data structure consisting of vertices (nodes) and edges (connections) between them. Graphs are widely used to model networks, relationships, and paths…

Trees in Data Structures A tree is a non-linear hierarchical data structure consisting of nodes connected by edges. It is widely used in search operations, hierarchical data storage, and decision-making…

Linked Lists in Data Structures A linked list is a linear data structure where elements are stored in nodes. Each node contains data and a pointer to the next node.…