An interrupt is a signal sent to the CPU to indicate that an event needs immediate attention. It temporarily halts the current process, executes a service routine, and then resumes the original task.
Types of Interrupts
1. Hardware Interrupts
- Generated by hardware devices
- Example: Keyboard input, mouse click
2. Software Interrupts
- Generated by programs or operating system
- Example: System calls, exceptions
3. Maskable Interrupts (MI)
- Can be enabled or disabled by the CPU
- Example: Keyboard interrupt
4. Non-Maskable Interrupts (NMI)
- Cannot be disabled
- Example: Power failure, critical hardware fault
Interrupt Handling
- CPU receives interrupt signal
- Saves current state (context)
- Executes Interrupt Service Routine (ISR)
- Restores previous state and resumes execution
Importance of Interrupts
- Allows asynchronous event handling
- Reduces CPU idle time
- Efficient management of I/O operations
- Supports multitasking and real-time processing
Real-World Applications
- Keyboard, mouse, and printer operations
- Hardware fault detection
- Real-time system management
- Operating system task scheduling
Conclusion
Interrupts are essential for efficient CPU operation and I/O management. Understanding their types and handling mechanisms is crucial for computer architecture, operating systems, and real-time systems.